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What was the framework of assumptions concerning foreigners? . In the Renaissance period England, like the rest of Europe, acquired modern-style maps; trade-contacts with Turkey and Russia became a commonplace feature of economic life; visitations of Red Indians, Eskimos, and Negroes, an influx of refugees from Europe, plantations in the New World, and knowledge of other European ventures of a similar kind - all this might seem to give the average Englishman of the early seventeenth century almost as much expertise in physical geography as is possessed by his modern counterpart. Sir Thomas Elyot, The Book of the Governor, 1531: Moreover, take away order from all things, what should then remain? Women in Elizabethan Society | So There's That Culture is a word for the 'way of life' of groups of people, meaning the way they do things. As early as 1585, Philip had begun to prepare a great fleet that, under the command of Santa Cruz, would invade England. ; ; Aristotle, Historia Animalium, translated by Richard Cresswell: And in all animals in which there is a distinction of the sexes nature has given a similar disposition to the males and to the females. I mean one of the things about Shakespeare is he does something different than what other people are doing. BOGAEV: Ah. There were two types of poor in Elizabethan England. Othello - Values and Attitudes "If Othello didnt begin as a play about race, history has made it one."The Venetian society that Othello is set in is representative of the writers context. Dadabhoy held fellowships at the Folger in 2011 and 2016, and participated in a Folger NEH Summer Institute Shakespeare from the Globe to the Global in 2011. That his skin becomes the sign of his villainy and a sign of warning. Then concern they but a few. . Is one white and one not white? . To investigate how attitudes towards plagiarism develop in young children, researchers investigated whether attitudes about copying others varied across American, Mexican and Chinese . Understanding different cultures is more than having an appreciation for our differences, but paving the way for a new world where we all stand together. DADABHOY: But al-Mansur ends up being the king who is the one who negotiates with Elizabeth I. Its his ambassador who we have the famous portrait of, and who Shakespeare might have seen, because they were part of certain royal pageants. In shocking his audience with this deviation from the norm, Shakespeare presents a reality that African . However, even noblewomen were not allowed to . Who perceiveth and seeth himself placed here amidst the filth and mire of the world, fast tied and nailed to the worst, most senseless, and drooping part of the world in the vilest corner of the house and farthest from heaven's cope with those creatures that are the worst of the three conditions and yet dareth imaginarily place himself above the circle of the moon and reduce heaven under his feet. The period with which we are concerned here - let us say the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries - is well known as one in which the amount of scientific information about the world increased dramatically. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. Including in the world of Shakespeare studies. Performance, advertising, and Anglo-Maghrebi diplomacy in Restoration and Augustan LondonEarly 18th-century London theater audiences paid close attention to the ambassadors from the Maghreb who occasionally joined them as spectators. DADABHOY: Yes. Published May 25, 2021. DADABHOY: One of the ways that it definitely changes how I teach my students is that those influence the kinds of questions that we ask. Presumption is our natural and original infirmity. Theres this moment where at the end of the play where the new king says that Muly Hamet should be skinned and his skin should be displayed as a warning to those who might follow, right? BOGAEV: So, institutionalized? Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Thats also another reason why I think about this play so much, is because even if race wasnt relevant in the period or to this play, if I teach it right now, in the 21st century, it is relevant. Shakespeare Unlimited comes to you from the Folger Shakespeare Library. The sun, moon, stars, rainbow, thunder, lightning, clouds, and all birds of the air, do keep their order. Queen Elizabeth was at the top of the social pyramid. For if you will consider the attributes to God, you shall see how they agree in the person of a king. AMPU Guide: Common Cross-cultural Communication Challenges - PBS Othello's tragedy transcends race and is based on a natural human weakness. DADABHOY: But even that is so problematic, right? I think Othello falls into that trap too, when he begins to doubt Desdemonas love for him and one of the thingsor her fidelity, when he talks about how nature erring from itself in terms of talking about Desdemonas. It is through the vanity of the same imagination that he dare equal himself to God, that he ascribeth divine conditions unto himself, that he selecteth and separateth himself from out the rank of other creatures; to which his fellow brethren and compeers, he cuts out and shareth their parts and allotteth them what portions of means or forces he thinks good. HAND Children are the Future. I think there is a preconceived notion for people who dont go deep into the scholarship on race. Shakespeare's works Read and learn more about Shakespeare's plays and poems; Shakespeare in print The First Folio (the book that gave us Shakespeare) and what came after; Shakespeare in performance From playhouse to film sets, explore four centuries of staging . The material she gathered for that chapter, and frankly, a large portion of her entire academic career, are based around the idea that students can and should be moved toward a new way of looking at concepts of race in the plays of Shakespeare and in all the writings of his contemporaries. You write that in his day at least 50 plays featured characters that were marked as racially or religiously different from their English audiences. But these being but particular customs of certain places and out of the rule of the common law, do little appertain to the disputation of the policy of the whole realm, and may be infinite. But, you know, and heres the benefit of studying scholars of race like Stuart Hall, for example, who very clearly tells us that race is a discourse, and it is a shifting discourse. DADABHOY: I dont think so. Question and Links - 2. How have attitudes towards women And how Shakespeares audiences would have come in contact with darker skinned people and what their impressions might have been? Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. I felt that negro here was not a value-neutral descriptor. What Are the Benefits of Understanding Different Cultures? - Les Elfes I tell them that its okay to come from a certain kind of position, but its also necessary then for us to think about the positions that we cant occupy and the blind spots that we might have. The Elizabethan era is the epoch in English history marked by the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603). Wherefore women are more compassionate and more readily made to weep, more jealous and querulous, more fond of railing, and more contentious The female also is more subject to depression of spirits and despair than the male. The idle poor and the deserving poor. It was introduced to ensure that the poor relief was collected to help the poor. Thanks for listening. In fact, even the Medieval Church had reminded . Thats the traditional scholarship. But in that context, its usually, I am from Barbary and therefore I am calling myself a Barbarian. But then when its applied to Muly Hamet, its in connection to negro, and so the negro barbarian, and in that context it means barbarian in the sense of how we use the word now, right? The females of all animals are less violent in their passions than the males, except the female bear and pardalis [panther], for the female of these appears more courageous than the male. DADABHOY: Yes. While some travel narratives from the Elizabethan period comment positively on black Africans, there are many that do not. Now a father may dispose of his inheritance to his children at his pleasure: yea, even disinherit the eldest upon just occasions, and prefer the youngest, according to his liking; make them beggars or rich at his pleasure; restrain, or banish out of his presence, as he finds them give cause of offence, or restore them in favor again with the penitent sinner. . Joseph Swetnam, "The Arraignment of Lewd, Idle, Forward, and Unconstant Women," 1615: Women degenerate from the use they were framed unto, by leading a proud, lazie, and idle life, to the great hinderance of their poor husbands. And the fact of the Holy Land, its also a place where you have a lot of encounter with people who are different culturally, linguistically, religiously, but also racially and ethnically. And so those are the moments where we can put pressure and see how race is being mobilized to make it very clear that this is the villain and hes a villain because of his Blackness and his Africanness. [14] The history of fairies, though debatable, is rich and magical. Many Africans were brought back to England as proof of their existence. For where there is no right order, there reigneth all abuse, carnal liberty, enormity, sin, and Babylonical confusion. Weve been engaged here at the Folger in a series of Critical Race Conversations. We see here already Othello as kind of being hypersexualized and also criminalized in a way through the elopement. Differences in attitudes towards disclosure. Yet, Shakespeare's plays were not originally conceived for other than performative ends4.Any reflexion on the introduction or use of his plays in cultural studies should therefore take live . Culture - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Find out more about saving content to Dropbox. Since the Spaniards based their claim to monopoly of the New World upon the right of prior discovery, the Elizabethans rejoined that Cabot had got to the . We're at a moment in time when we need to do more than tolerate each other. The model summarized below, by Milton Bennett describes this journey from ethnocentrism to ethnorelativism: . It is true that acceptance, marvel, wonder, anxiety and fear as well as disgust all accompanied English attitudes towards different racial, ethnic and religious identities. Has data issue: true She is also more shameless and false, more readily deceived, and more mindful of injury, more watchful, more idle, and on the whole less excitable than the male. Although as I have said ordinarily and by the common law, the eldest son inheriteth all the lands, yet in some countries all the sons have equal portion, and that is called ganelkinde, and is in many places in Kent. In the play Othello, Shakespeare presents an African man who negates such stereotypical views. Attitudes are often the result of experience or upbringing. The Elizabethans were very patriotic and inclined to distant foreigners, especially from about 1570 onwards when the pope excommunicating Elizabeth, and declared it was not . 1) How did the city of Venice treat people of different cultures and faiths? The word insular might have been coined to describe us. They have power to exalt low things and abase high things, and make of their subjects like men at the chess: a pawn to take a bishop or a knight, and to cry up or down any of their subjects, as they do their money. Also where there is any lack of order, needs must be perpetual conflict. Im Michael Witmore, the Folgers director. I feel this very strongly every time I see the play performed, that it just doesnt work for me. In 1601, Queen Elizabeth deported all Africans becaused she believed they displayed "irregular behavior" and that allowing them to stay in England would lead to overpopulation. We think about this population that in the edicts is identified as having come from Spain, but what were they doing in Spain? The air, which next to the fire, is most pure in substance, is in the second sphere or place. This podcast episode, In the Old Age, Black Was Not Counted Fair, was produced by Richard Paul. There could be no mistaking who she was. Cognitive, behavioural and. Could you just fill us in and give us the thumbnail sketch? Women who didn't marry were considered witches by their neighbors, and for lower class women, the only alternative was a life of servitude to wealthier families. In psychology, an attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing, or event. How the elderly are treated around the world | The Week China and England possess different cultural values, with China characterized by collectivism and strong social norms, and England by individualism. Common law vested control of property in the man, though dower, inheritance, and settlements gave many wives in the propertied classes some safeguards. The arts, religion, and clothing helped create the unique culture of the Elizabethan Era. I mean, it just requires really teaching this whole period differently, it seems. And, I mean, its complicated. Generations of Christians throughout the whole world have been consumed . In Elizabethan England, there was fairly widespread belief that freedom of choice was a right among marriage partners. If were talking about the imperial contest between Venice and the Ottoman Empire, and if Venice is supposed to stand for Europe and the Ottoman Empire is supposed to stand for the dangerous eastern Other, then we see in Cyprus how one is endangered by being in close proximity to that dangerous Other.