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Even though the prosecutor declined to show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated. For now, Cinna and the Marian political faction would have to wait, but revenge would prove far deadlier than anything that had come before it. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. In a dispute over the command of the war against Mithridates, initially awarded to Sulla by the Senate, but withdrawn as a result of Marius' intrigues, Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act and defeated Marian forces in battle. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. Plutarch - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential Caecilii Metelli and the Pompeys. [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. Primary Resources - Primary Resources and Archives - Research Guides at "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. Internet History Sourcebooks Project: Ancient History - Fordham University [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. Marius was elected consul and, through assignment by tribunician legislation, took over the campaign. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. Primary Source 10. [17], One story, "as false as it is charming", relates that when Sulla was a baby, his nurse was carrying him around the streets, until a strange woman walked up to her and said, "Puer tibi et reipublicae tuae felix", which can be translated as, "The boy will be a source of luck to you and your state". 719-549-2333. During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, Atellan farces, a kind of crude comedy. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. The Acropolis was then besieged. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. Church and W. J. Brodribb. Sulla - Wikipedia Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . Primary Sources Sallust. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. Learning in Black and White. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. Categories . Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. onwards. In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. sulla primary sources. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. What Is a Primary Source? - Definition & Examples - Study.com [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). [104] When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla personally rallied his men on foot and stabilised the area. [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. By. Primary sources are original . If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori: chi Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. [127] In the north at the same time, Norbanus was defeated and fled for Rhodes, where he eventually committed suicide. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. Collections Online | British Museum [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. Sulla was born in a very turbulent era of Rome's history, which has often been described as the beginning of the fall of the Roman Republic.The political climate was marked by civil discord and rampant political violence where voting in the Assembly was . His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. The later battle, at Orchomenus, was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. Sulla | Biography, Civil War, Roman Dictator, & Facts Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . Sulla was a man to whom, up to victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after victory, no criticism can be adequate. Social War | Roman history | Britannica The Pros and Cons of Teaching with Primary Sources - ProQuest Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. They had, however, fallen on hard times. Primary vs. Secondary - Primary Sources: A Research Guide - Research He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. In 109, Rome sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus to continue the war. Archives; Correspondence Primary Source Set World War I - Library of Congress [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. [18] Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Romes comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. Primary Sources - Research Guides at New York University When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, when the U.S. Congress agreed to a declaration of war. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. [131] The purge went on for several months. [56] When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune Marcus Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted. His primary duty was the defeat of Mithridates and the re-establishment of Roman power in the east. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. Marius, Sulla, and the Fall of the Roman Republic Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. A primary source (also called original . Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. J. Newspapers. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. Sulla and the proscriptions - Jerry Fielden [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. vinifera, hereafter V. vinifera) shares a close relationship with humans ().With unmatched cultivar diversity, this food source (table and raisin grapes) and winemaking ingredient (wine grapes) became an emblem of cultural identity in major Eurasian civilizations (1-3), leading to intensive research in ampelography, archaeobotany, and historical . [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. Primary sources how to use them | Services to Schools Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. Primary Sources: Definition and Examples | Grammarly The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". . Book Sources: Bloody Sunday - Selma to Montgomery March (1965) A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. Wikipedia entry. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. How Do I Find - Primary Sources | UCR Library Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. In this first video of a 2-part tutorial, we will discuss primary sources. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. What is a primary source? - Paperpile [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. Tools for primary source analysis. Primary Sources: The 1960s: Selma to Montgomery March (1965) 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born in 138 BCE in Puteoli, Italy. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. Sources | Legacy of Sulla Wiki | Fandom However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic Copy of Fall of Rome, Primary Sources - DocsLib Making of America. You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. Website. Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. [27], When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. Eight Ways to Teach With Primary Sources - Education Week [110], After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. Sulla 5 (L. Cornelius Sulla Felix) - Roman dictator, 82-79 B.C.