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How did the United States respond to the independence movement in Vietnam? Answer: Gulf of Tonkin incident, complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. Historians have long suspected that the second attack in the Gulf of Tonkin never occurred and that the resolution was based on faulty evidence. Maddox.The events led to Congress passing the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which allowed the president to increase U.S. involvement in Vietnam without Congressional approval. Paragraph 14, 15 Richard Nixon, quoted in Walter Isaacson, Kissinger: A Biography (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005 . He arrived overhead at 2135. B. In these shorter essays, you are expected to make a strong argument about a specific week's readings, and to support this argument with theoretical and empirical evidence. By the time the destroyers broke off their "counterattack," they had fired 249 5-inch shells, 123 3-inch shells, and four or five depth charges.10, Commander Stockdale was again in the action, this time alone. . But the US bombing of North Vietnam on August 4, 1964, in retaliation for an alleged naval attack that never happened, was not a move by LBJ to pave the way for war in Vietnam. Quoted in Robert McNamara's In Retrospect, (New York: Vintage, 1996) p. 133. Especially during his tenure as commander, Westmoreland became the face of the United States in Vietnam. ), pp. Gulf of Tonkin incident The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. The featured story comes from the Counter Currents website and was titled: Covert Operations In Continue reading What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? 5051. What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and why was it important? One of the pilots, Navy Commander James Stockdale, commanding officer of VF-51, recalled that they passed over the unscathed Maddox at 1530, minutes after the 22-minute surface engagement had ended. Several hours later, Captain John Herrick of the Maddox, after reviewing the events, sent the message, Review of action makes many reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful. External sources are not required for the short papers. This group consisted of Army Special Forces, Navy Seals, and CIA operatives, among other covert entities. C. Turner Joy, on two separate occasions in the Gulf of Tonkin, a body of . As far as Vietnam was concerned, Johnson tried, and largely succeeded, balancing support for the US allies in the south but not committing too many resources, especially soldiers, to the fight in Asia. The Gulf of Tonkin incident (Vietnamese: S kin Vnh Bc B) was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War.It involved both a proven confrontation on August 2, 1964, carried out by North Vietnamese forces in response to covert operations in the coastal region of the gulf, and a second, claimed confrontation on August 4 . That night proved to be a stormy one. But once-classified documents and tapes released in the past several years, combined with previously uncovered facts, make clear that high government officials distorted facts and deceived the American public about events that led to full . But no declassified information had suggested that McNamara, Johnson, or anyone else in the decision-making process had intentionally misinterpreted the intelligence concerning the 4 August incident. In return, the lead vessel launched a torpedo and veered away. by John Prados. The events between July 30 and August 10, 1964, are viewed as the tipping point of American involvement in Vietnam. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 47. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident occurred in August 1964. Hanyok conducted a comprehensive analysis of SIGINT records from the nights of the attacks and concluded that there was indeed an attack on 2 August but the attack on the 4th did not occur, despite claims to the contrary by President Johnson and Secretary McNamara. Resulted from a minor naval conflictc. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). However, the retaliatory attack of 5 August marked the United States' first overt military action against the North Vietnamese and the most serious escalation up to that date. In large part due to the passage of this resolution, American forces became even more deeply mired in the Vietnam War. In contrast to the clear conditions two days earlier, thunderstorms and rain squalls reduced visibility and increased wave heights to six feet. What was the primary guiding principle of Carter's foreign policy during his early years in office? The Southeast Asia Resolution, or Gulf of Tonkin Resolution as it became better known, was proposed on August 6 and passed unanimously by the House of Representatives on August 7 and 88-2 in the Senate. This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident. Next, the best we have as Robert McNamara deemed him, General William Westmoreland was appointed the commander of operations in Vietnam in April of 1964. Answers: 2 Show answers Another question on History. "22, Almost 90 percent of the SIGINT intercepts that would have provided a conflicting account were kept out of the reports sent to the Pentagon and White House. New York: Oxford Press, 2008. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident, https://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=Was_the_Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident_staged&oldid=23951. But what happened in the Gulf during the late hours of 4 Augustand the consequential actions taken by U.S. officials in Washingtonhas been seemingly cloaked in confusion and mystery ever since that night. for Confede He sent a flash (highest priority) message to Honolulu, which was received in Washington at 1327 on 4 August, declaring his doubts: "Review of action makes many reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful. The process of Vietnamization involved shifting fighting in the Vietnam War from Americans to the Southern Vietnamese. What were the key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident? Updates? On 30 May 2006, NSA released the second and final installment of Gulf of Tonkin materials. Suggest complete evaluation before any further action taken.. The reply is being given as I speak to you tonight. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Titled "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2-4 August 1964," it had been published in the classified Cryptological Quarterly in early 2001. On 2 August 1964, North Vietnamese patrol torpedo boats attacked the USS Maddox (DD-731) while the destroyer was in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. Robert McNamara, In Retrospect (New York: Vintage, 1996) p. 133. Calls between the Joint Chiefs of Staff; the National Military Command Center; headquarters of the Commander in Chief, Pacific; and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara were frequently exchanged during the phantom battle. Both ships began firing at what they thought were torpedo boats, and again they sought air support. The relocation of American manufacturing overseas, The southern strategy involved attracting Democratic voters to the Republican Party.. 3. The United States denied involvement. The resolution was introduced in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, during which two US naval ships were allegedly attacked by North . The Mysteries of Tonkin Gulf. The US Navy destroyer had shipping container on its decked fitted out with electronic monitoring equipment gathering radio/radar (signals intelligence) information on North Vietnam. The Gulf of Tonkin incident (Vietnamese: S kin Vnh Bc B), also known as the USS Maddox incident, was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War. Lyndon Johnson on August 5, 1964, assertedly in reaction to two allegedly unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and C. Turner Joy of the U.S. War is an enemy of all the humanity and human civilization. . The police used tear gas and billy clubs against anti-war protesters, and members of the New Left and the black power movement who were demonstrating outside the convention. Can the omission of evidence by McNamara be forgiven? Its stated purpose was to approve and support the determination of the president, as commander in chief, in taking all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. At the end of July 1964, MACV-SOG assaulted North Vietnamese installations on the coast of North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin. The vessels appeared to be coming from several different directions, and they were impossible to lock onto. Gunfire and torpedoes were exchanged while F-8 fighters from USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) raced to the scene. L. 88-408, 78 Stat. "28, Johnson himself apparently had his own doubts about what happened in the Gulf on 4 August. Stockdale and the other pilots, with orders to "attack and destroy the PT boats," made multiple firing runs on the enemy vessels. On 2nd August, 1964, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats travelled towards the Maddox. (Wikimedia Commons) F ifty-one years ago today, the United States . They used a questionable report of a North Vietnamese attack on American naval vessels to justify the president's policy to the electorate and to defuse Republican senator and presidential candidate Barry Goldwater's charges that Lyndon Johnson was irresolute and "soft" in the foreign policy arena.30, For his part, McNamara never admitted his mistakes. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. 1 See answer Advertisement mahak08 All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT c. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam 1. What happened at the Gulf of Tonkin quizlet? But once-classified documents and tapes released in the past several years, combined with previously uncovered facts, make clear that high government officials distorted facts and deceived the American public about events that led to full U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. August 4, 2015. The Vietnam War: A Concise History. We probably shot up a radar station and a few other miscellaneous buildings. With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, the United States committed its full strength to the conflict. various battlefields. On August 2, 1964, the U.S. destroyer USS Maddox was performing its intelligence-gathering mission in the Gulf of Tonkin. CTG 72.1 041848ZAUG64. These new documents and tapes reveal what historians could not prove: There was not a second attack on U.S. Navy ships in the Tonkin Gulf in early August 1964. voters who did not agree with noisy protests such as those of the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Pat Bauer graduated from Ripon College in 1977 with a double major in Spanish and Theatre. The Gulf of Tonkin theory. "21, Navy Captain John J. Herrick (left), pictured with Maddox skipper Commander Herbert L. Ogier on board the destroyer, kept his superiors informed during the alleged battle with North Vietnamese PT boats on 4 August. The truth was very different. (19) Immediately after placing a load upon the hanger, however minuscule, the cardboard tube collapses into its natural equilibrium-the classic V-shape. Opposed Vietnamese independence and supported French attempts to retain its colonial control. She recruited other Unionists, including government clerks They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. For more than 90 minutes, he made runs parallel to the ships' course and at low altitude (below 2,000 feet) looking for the enemy vessels. A myriad of issues confronted the new president, not the least of which was the ongoing crisis in Vietnam. The Maddox, with its superior firepower and better defenses easily thwarted the attack. OB. Weather conditions were clear, and seas were calm. At 1440, the destroyer detected three North Vietnamese patrol boats approaching her position from the west. Omissions? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Operations carried during peace-time by civilian organisation, as well as covert government agencies, may by extension be called false flag operations if they seek to hide the real organisation behind an operation. What was later discovered were "Tonkin ghosts" (false radar images) and no evidence of the [] From two boats, South Vietnamese commandos fired machine guns and small cannon at the island's radar and military installations. For most of the last five decades, it has been assumed that the Tonkin Gulf incident was a deception by Lyndon Johnson to justify war in Vietnam. At the same time, the Vietnamese navy was undertaking a mission under the oversight of the U.S. Department of Defense to attack radar stations, bridges, and other such targets along North Vietnams coasts. On August 2, 1964 the USS Maddox was on DEOSTO Patrol in international waters off North Vietnam. The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a brief confrontation between United States and North Vietnamese warships, off the coast of northern Vietnam in August 1964. What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident? Earlier in 1963, the US-backed president of South Vietnam, Diem, and his brother were assassinated as well. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution portrayed U.S. motives as maintaining peace and security in Asia, . No actual sightings by "Maddox". In my account of the Biden Administrations decision to destroy the Nord Stream pipelines, why did much of the secret planning and training for the operation take place in Norway? 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And then, two days later, on August 4, the Johnson administration claimed that it had been attacked again. Another reporter pressed the issue, "Do these [patrol boats] go north, into North Vietnamese waters?" Both houses of Congress passed the resolution on August 7, the House of Representatives by 414 votes to nil, and the Senate by a vote of 88 to 2. 384, enacted August 10, 1964, was a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident . Reply. Vietnam was 12 hours ahead of Washington time, so the "attacks" in the evening of 4 August in the Gulf of Tonkin were being monitored in Washington late that morning. Jim and Sybil Stockdale, In Love and War (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1990, rev. McNamara was informed of this doubt but decided to remain quiet because Pierce-Arrow was already in motion. Without the full picture, Congress could not offer the checks and balances it was designed to provide. Corrections? 7. Subscribe now and never hit a limit. It was certainly convenient as a reason for expanding American involvement in the Vietnam War. The order to retaliate was given less than thirty minutes after the initial report. 17. In 1964, the American government claimed that American naval ships had been attacked in territorial waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. The fictitious Gulf of Tonkin incident helped draw the United States deeper into the Vietnam War. Some historians do not let the Johnson administration off so easily. Explanation: In 1964, the American government claimed that American naval ships had been attacked in territorial waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. Tensions heightened in the Tonkin Gulf.